The Hall Effect occurs when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, causing a transverse voltage (Hall voltage) due to the deflection of charge carriers by the Lorentz force. The direction of this voltage indicates whether the charge carriers are electrons (negative) or holes (positive).

Key points:

• The Hall voltage is proportional to the current.

• The Hall coefficient (R_H ​) is used to determine the charge carrier density and type.

• The conductivity depends on temperature and the energy gap between conduction and valence bands.

By measuring the Hall voltage, charge carrier concentration, mobility, and conductivity can be determined, providing insights into the material’s electronic properties.

Significance
Used in semiconductors, sensors, and electronic circuit design.